The Contribution of Complicity

Complicity provides a perfect place from which to take steps towards doctrinally clear and coherent criminal law. In particular, by acknowledging in the complex mass of cases requirement that accomplice contribute principal's crime. That takes effect differently assistance encouragement compared procuring: (a) an accessory's or must make significant contribution crime, but does not need be but-for cause, (b) procure offence, accessory cause it sense. This flows how complicity can justified determines linguistic form complicity. It extends end point complicity: overwhelming supervening events withdrawal on one hand, sentencing other. Fidelity we express, label, wrongs within participation are important parts work expect do. includes what wrong is (and participants labelled), limits do through another intend do, causal claims differences between forms Without even contribution, meaningfully involved crime